Antonio Negri, an Italian thinker whose essays and activism calling for a brand new employees’ revolution landed him in jail in 1979, and who twenty years later grew to become a worldwide mental movie star for writing “Empire,” a e book hailed as the brand new “Communist Manifesto,” died on Saturday in Paris. He was 90.
The thinker Judith Revel, his spouse, confirmed his demise, in a hospital.
All through his profession, Mr. Negri was among the many few tutorial thinkers who had the expertise and charisma to make their concepts accessible to a broad viewers.
As a number one determine of the Potere Operaio (Employees’ Energy) motion of the Sixties and ’70s, he impressed followers not simply together with his forceful essays but additionally together with his willingness to exit to the streets and factories of northern Italian cities, organizing employees and calling for revolution.
“Empire” (2000), which he wrote with Michael Hardt, a literature professor at Duke College, did one thing comparable for a brand new technology of the left, providing what many discovered a compelling Marxist interpretation of globalization after the Chilly Struggle.
Although it was written in dense tutorial prose and clocked in at almost 500 pages, it was a direct hit. It was translated right into a dozen languages, made the best-seller lists at The Washington Put up and different newspapers and secured Mr. Negri a everlasting slot among the many world progressive intelligentsia, alongside figures like Noam Chomsky and Slavoj Zizek.
Mr. Negri emerged as a number one mental determine in Italy within the late Sixties, when he was a philosophy professor on the College of Padua. The postwar technology was coming of age, and lots of on the left had been in search of new solutions past the standard socialism and communism of their mother and father.
Not content material to stay within the classroom, he helped manage Potere Operaio, a motion that in its ideology went past the labor politics of conventional communism to name for an finish to wage labor itself.
“We might stand in entrance of the factories at 5 within the morning,” he mentioned in an interview for “Antonio Negri: A Revolt That By no means Ends,” a 2004 documentary about his profession, directed by Andreas Pichler and Alexandra Weltz. “Afterward I’d take the automotive again to Padua, tie my tie and dwell my tutorial life.”
The motion picked up velocity, and in 1969 it exploded right into a sequence of generally violent strikes at factories in industrial cities like Turin, in addition to into road battles in Rome and Milan. Mr. Negri cheered all of it on, talking of an imminent “revolutionary horizon” when teams like his would synchronize with social actions, like feminism, to result in dramatic change.
The Italian authorities, generally in alliance with neo-fascist organizations, fought again, setting off a decade-long quasi-civil struggle recognized in Italy because the Years of Lead. The police cracked down on protesters, beating and arresting them, whereas paramilitary teams staged assaults to make it seem that the far left was accountable, together with a 1969 bombing in Milan that killed 16 folks.
The left’s violence, which Mr. Negri neither condemned nor condoned, continued in response. In 1978, a splinter faction, the Pink Brigades, kidnapped Aldo Moro, a former prime minister who was the chairman of the centrist Christian Democratic Occasion. Practically two months later, he was discovered murdered.
The police rounded up scores of left-wing activists, together with, in 1979, Mr. Negri, who was taken to a maximum-security jail in Rome. Initially charged with main the Pink Brigades and serving to to prepare the kidnapping, he was held for almost 4 years with out trial.
Throughout that point he returned to writing, turning out a number of lengthy essays on the Dutch thinker Baruch Spinoza. He additionally started rethinking a few of his fundamental assumptions about Marxism.
In 1983, he was elected to Parliament on the slate of the Radical Occasion, a consequence that gave him immunity from prosecution. However after Parliament voted to waive that immunity, prosecutors charged him with two murders unrelated to the Moro case, in addition to with writing incendiary materials. The fees particularly associated to the Moro case had been dropped for lack of proof.
Mr. Negri fled to France, which refused to extradite him. He taught at universities in Paris and have become a good friend of, and a collaborator with, theorists like Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.
He additionally met Mr. Hardt, who was dwelling in Paris on the time. They each believed that the top of the Chilly Struggle referred to as for a brand new Marxist framework of research, one which accounted for what they noticed because the weakening of the nation-state within the face of world capital.
Their proposal was what they referred to as empire — not a single entity or place however a fluid, managed type of energy buildings that moved simply amongst governments, firms and worldwide establishments, just like the World Financial institution.
Empire, they wrote of their e book of the identical identify, was not merely a results of capitalist oppression; it was, reasonably, the construction through which capitalist oppression takes place — and through which new types of resistance also can come up.
“Empire creates a higher potential for revolution than did the fashionable regimes of energy,” they wrote, “as a result of it presents us, alongside the machine of command, with an alternate: the set of all of the exploited and the subjugated, a large number that’s straight against Empire, with no mediation between them.”
Mr. Negri returned to Italy in 1997, believing that he would obtain amnesty. As an alternative, he was despatched to jail, having been discovered responsible in absentia. He and Mr. Hardt accomplished the e book whereas he was behind bars and revealed it in 2000.
“Empire” appeared on the excellent second, when folks had been making an attempt to make sense of the worldwide upsurge in protests in opposition to central banks, the World Commerce Group and the Group of 8. For a time, it appeared, any self-respecting graduate scholar within the humanities had a dog-eared copy on the shelf alongside books like “Das Kapital” and “The Judith Butler Reader.”
“What Hardt and Negri provide is nothing lower than a rewriting of ‘The Communist Manifesto’ for our time,” Mr. Zizek wrote in a blurb for the e book.
Antonio Negri, often called Toni, was born on Aug. 1, 1933, in Padua. His mom, Aldina Malvezzi, was a trainer. His father, Nerio Negri, was a union chief and a founding father of the Italian Communist Occasion. Nerio Negri died when Toni was simply 3 years outdated, most certainly from sepsis after being imprisoned by Fascists and compelled to drink castor oil.
Mr. Negri studied philosophy on the College of Padua and started educating there quickly after receiving his doctorate in 1956. He remained on the school till his arrest in 1979.
His first marriage, to Paola Meo, resulted in divorce. He met Ms. Enjoy 1996, they usually married in 2016. Alongside along with her, he’s survived by two youngsters from his first marriage, Anna and Francesco Negri; a daughter from a separate relationship, Nina Negri; and three grandchildren. He lived in Paris.
Mr. Negri was launched from jail in 2003. He and Mr. Hardt went on to jot down two sequels to “Empire” — “Multitude: Struggle and Democracy within the Age of Empire” (2004) and “Commonwealth” (2009), each of which tried to stipulate technique of resistance in opposition to globalized capital.
He didn’t return to the College of Padua however as a substitute grew to become an unbiased mental, talking at conferences and writing for each tutorial and common audiences. He was hailed within the leftist press because the main theorist of the brand new millennium, the primary particular person to explain the emergence of a brand new type of society.
Mr. Negri was hardly ever with out critics, even on the far left. Many claimed that he and Mr. Hardt underestimated the persevering with relevance of the nation-state — for instance within the Russia-Ukraine struggle or commerce tensions between america and China.
However, his supporters say, his work will also be seen as a part of an evolving understanding of the complexities of Twenty first-century society, through which each firms and governments have the ability to shift geopolitics, whereas world grass-roots actions can emerge seemingly in a single day and alter the world.
“‘Empire’ was written at a juncture that was utterly totally different than you discover right this moment,” Sandro Mezzadra, a professor of political concept on the College of Bologna, mentioned by telephone. “However there are various concepts in ‘Empire’ that stay inspiring and problem us to adapt them to the brand new circumstances of globalization.”
