President Donald Trump’s tariffs on the imports of metal and aluminium by the US are sending shockwaves by way of international markets and escalating tensions with key buying and selling companions, together with Canada, Mexico and the European Union.
Some nations are preventing again with retaliatory tariffs, others are looking for exemptions, and some try to barter their method out of the 25 % tariffs.
So, who’s escalating the commerce battle, who’s attempting to keep away from it, and what does this imply for the industries that depend on these metals?
Who provides metal and aluminium to the US?
Canada, Brazil, and Mexico are the highest three suppliers of metal to the US, collectively accounting for about 49 % of its imports between March 2024 and January 2025, in response to the Worldwide Commerce Administration. The remaining main suppliers are South Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, the Netherlands, and China, which collectively make up 30 % of US metal imports.
Here’s a breakdown:
- Canada – 16 %
- Brazil – 14 %
- Mexico – 9 %
- South Korea – 8 %
- China – 2 %
For aluminium, the largest suppliers are Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Russia and Mexico. Canada is the dominant provider, liable for practically 40 % of US aluminium imports, adopted by the UAE, Russia and Mexico.
The tariff battle may have a widespread impact on producers and shoppers within the US as metal and aluminium are essential within the making of residence home equipment, automobiles, planes, telephones and buildings, amongst others.
Metal is a spine materials for development, manufacturing, transport, and vitality, with the development sector utilizing one-third of all metal imports. It can push up prices for infrastructure initiatives, together with airports, faculties and roads.
Aluminium, being light-weight and corrosion-resistant, is crucial for the automotive and aerospace industries, in addition to meals and beverage packaging.
The US is especially depending on aluminium imports, with roughly half of the metallic used within the nation coming from overseas sources.
The US import of metal and aluminium final 12 months was $31bn and $27bn, respectively, in response to the US Division of Commerce information.
Vina Nadjibulla, vice chairman of analysis and technique on the Asia Pacific Basis of Canada, mentioned the tariffs are particularly damaging as a result of there’s “little financial or real nationwide safety rationale for them”.
“The US can’t realistically onshore sufficient of those commodities, so the duties primarily create financial ache for American shoppers and key buying and selling companions,” Nadjibulla advised Al Jazeera.
They as an alternative introduce a degree of “unpredictability and volatility we haven’t seen in many years”.
By undermining established commerce norms, the US “successfully encourages different nations to reply in variety, with devastating affect for the inventory markets and investor and client confidence throughout North America and past”, Nadjibulla mentioned.
How are nations responding?
Canada
The largest metal and aluminium provider to the US has taken a robust stance towards the tariffs. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has referred to as the tariffs “unjustifiable” and a “dumb factor to do”.
Canada introduced 25 % retaliatory tariffs on $20.6bn price of US items, together with $8.8bn on metal and $2bn in aluminium imports. It has additionally imposed a further tariff of practically $10bn on US items reminiscent of computer systems and servers, show screens, water heaters and sports activities gear, amongst others.
These countermeasures take impact on Thursday.
“We’re going to get up for our employees, and we’re going to be certain the American individuals perceive that their management’s choices have penalties,” Trudeau mentioned earlier this week.
Mark Carney, who will succeed Trudeau as prime minister, has pledged to keep up the tariffs till the US commits to truthful commerce practices. He mentioned he’s keen to take “a way more complete strategy for commerce”.
“We firmly imagine that in a world fraught with geopolitical and financial uncertainties, it’s not in our frequent curiosity to burden our economies with tariffs,” he mentioned on Wednesday.
The newest tariffs are along with the 25 % counter-tariffs on $20.8bn of US imports, imposed on March 4 in retaliation to the earlier Trump levy that has since been delayed by a month.
European Union
The EU has additionally introduced retaliatory measures concentrating on greater than $28bn price of US items reminiscent of bikes, peanut butter, and denims, amongst others. These measures will roll out in two phases:
- Section 1 (April 1) – Reinstating beforehand suspended tariffs on $8.7bn price of US merchandise, together with metal, aluminium, bourbon, and bikes. The counter levies, which had been imposed between 2018 and 2020 throughout Trump’s first time period, had been suspended underneath the Biden administration.
- Section 2 (mid-April) – Introducing new tariffs on a further $19.6bn price of US exports, reminiscent of poultry, dairy merchandise, fruits, and cereals.
European Fee President Ursula von der Leyen has warned that these tariffs will enhance costs and threaten jobs on each side of the Atlantic.
“We deeply remorse this measure. Tariffs are taxes. They’re unhealthy for enterprise and even worse for shoppers,” she mentioned, including that the EU “will all the time stay open to negotiation”.
Mexico
Mexico’s response stays unclear. President Claudia Sheinbaum has indicated that any retaliatory tariffs can be applied provided that negotiations fail. Nonetheless, she has already struck a brief waiver cope with Trump, securing an exemption till April 2 for Mexican imports underneath the US-Mexico-Canada Settlement (USMCA) commerce settlement signed underneath Trump’s first time period.
Nonetheless, analysts say items that don’t adjust to the USMCA may nonetheless appeal to the brand new 25 % tariffs.
This comes after Mexico and Canada negotiated a one-month delay within the tariffs, throughout which each nations agreed to spice up border safety measures. Trump has adopted by way of together with his marketing campaign promise to impose tariffs on Mexico till it stopped immigration and drug trafficking by way of its borders.
Brazil
Regardless of being one of many hardest-hit nations, Brazil has chosen diplomacy over retaliation. Brazilian officers are partaking in talks with Washington in hopes of securing an exemption.
The federal government led by left-wing President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva issued a press release regretting the “unjustifiable” transfer by the US.
“President Lula advised us to stay calm, noting that previously we have now negotiated underneath circumstances that had been much more unfavourable than the present ones,” Finance Minister Fernando Haddad advised reporters on Wednesday.
South Korea
Trump has accused South Korea of profiting from the US, including that Seoul’s common tariff is 4 occasions larger, with out offering proof. The commerce between the 2 shut allies is sort of tariff-free attributable to a free commerce settlement.
“And we give a lot assist militarily and in so many different methods to South Korea. However that’s what occurs,” Trump mentioned throughout his handle to the US Congress earlier this month.
He additionally promised to scrap the CHIPS and Science Act, underneath which a number of Korean corporations, together with Samsung Electronics, obtain US help.
South Korea has opted for negotiation relatively than confrontation. It has additionally activated a “full emergency response mode” to guard native industries.
On Tuesday, South Korea’s appearing President Choi Sang-mok mentioned Trump’s “America First” coverage had began concentrating on his nation.
South Korean officers have actively sought dialogue with their US counterparts to barter potential exemptions and handle mutual issues. Commerce Minister Cheong In-kyo is scheduled to go to Washington, DC, on March 13-14, aiming to debate reciprocal tariffs and funding alternatives.
The go to seeks to affect the Trump administration’s commerce coverage report and to current South Korea’s stance on tariffs.
China
Beijing will not be a number one metal provider to the US. Nonetheless, it has taken the tariffs as a direct financial assault and responded aggressively.
Mao Ning, spokesperson on the Chinese language Ministry of Overseas Affairs, advised reporters the transfer was in violation of World Commerce Group guidelines, and that China, the world’s largest metal producer and the second-largest financial system, will take all essential measures to safeguard its rights and pursuits.
“Nobody wins in a commerce battle or a tariff battle,” the spokesperson mentioned.
China has already slapped tariffs on the US in retaliation to the 20 % blanket tariff imposed by Trump.
How will the tariff battle have an effect on US ties with its allies?
Australia, one other key US ally which has been affected by Trump’s tariffs, mentioned it could not retaliate. Prime Minister Anthony Albanese referred to as the tariff “fully unjustified”, however dominated out reciprocal tariffs as it could have an effect on Australian shoppers.
Canberra had managed to get an exemption from metal and aluminium tariffs underneath Trump’s first time period.
In keeping with Nadjibulla, these tariffs paint a picture that the US is turning into “an unreliable associate for its closest allies”.
She mentioned nations reminiscent of Canada, Australia, and South Korea “will look to minimise their vulnerabilities” and pursue methods like diversifying commerce companions.
“When giant economies interact in tit-for-tat tariff escalations, the chance of a world commerce slowdown looms bigger,” she mentioned. “These measures don’t simply damage the near-term backside line – they threaten all the framework of open commerce that has underpinned a lot of the world’s financial progress and stability.”
