Mumbai, India – On one channel, a male journalist chastises an Indian Muslim man sympathetic with Palestinians, asking him: “Did you stand with Hindus once they suffered atrocities in Pakistan and Afghanistan?”
On one other channel, a journalist gleefully asks a Muslim resident of the town of Ayodhya whether or not Muslims had been pleased {that a} Ram temple had come up on the positioning of a centuries-old mosque demolished by a Hindu nationalist mob.
A feminine anchor on one more channel alleges {that a} conspiracy is afoot to make India’s southern state of Kerala an ‘Islamic State’, with the hub of this conspiracy being Wayanad, the parliamentary constituency of opposition chief Rahul Gandhi, quoting no proof to substantiate her allegation.
India, with over 460 million customers, is YouTube’s largest market, with 4 out of 5 web customers in India consuming its content material. More and more, an increasing number of Indians are getting their information from YouTube.
What’s on supply, although, isn’t all the time information. Among the hottest YouTube information channels in India are more and more providing a smattering of disinformation and Islamophobia, usually cheerleading Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his celebration, the Bharatiya Janata Occasion (BJP) whereas concentrating on its critics and opposition leaders.
Whereas partisan YouTube influencers making political content material in favour of both aspect of the political divide is a typical phenomenon, what makes these channels distinctive is that they declare to be ‘information’ channels, ostensibly presenting fact-based reportage.
From mocking and attacking Modi’s rival politicians to peddling conspiracy theories about Muslims making an attempt to hurt Hindus, these channels usually complement the BJP’s personal marketing campaign efforts.
These channels, although lesser recognized than mainstream information channels, have thousands and thousands of viewers, giving them an outsized function in how the world’s largest democracy is consuming information as India prepares for its nationwide election.
As an illustration, NMF Information, which ranks amongst India’s prime 100 YouTube information and politics channels, has over 18.2 million subscribers with over 8.1 billion views. Headlines India, with over 8.83 million subscribers has almost 3 billion views; Rajdharma Information, with its 3.2 million subscribers has almost 0.9 billion views.
With such a large attain, issues round how such ‘information’ shops may form perceptions and opinions – particularly in election season – are rising.
Research have proven that Indians place better belief in information they view on YouTube and WhatsApp, over information delivered by mainstream media shops, though many have warned of YouTube’s function in selling disinformation. Already, the World Financial Discussion board’s 2024 World Threat Report has concluded that probably the most extreme threat India faces is the fallout from the unfold of false data.
Most of those channels, surveyed for this piece, routinely stoked disinformation in opposition to Muslims, dissenters and critics of Modi and the BJP, within the guise of reporting ‘information’.
NMF Information denied allegations of such a bias however insisted that it was the “fastest-growing” channel, which was “typically right-wing” in its method, however was all the time “fact-based”, in line with Pankaj Prasoon, the bureau chief of NMF Information within the jap Indian state of Jharkhand. Headlines India and Rajdharma Information didn’t reply, regardless of repeated requests for feedback over publicly listed emails.
Disinformation, propaganda
As election campaigning heats up in India, so too is the disinformation on these channels.
On March 13, NMF Information printed a three-minute-long report on its channel on one in all India’s premier-most universities, the public-funded Jawaharlal Nehru College (JNU) in New Delhi. JNU has been within the cross-hairs of the Modi authorities owing to its left-leaning scholar politics, with it usually being dubbed as an ‘anti-national’ house by many Modi supporters.
NMF’s information report, titled ‘No Extra Sloganeering within the Anti-Nationwide Hub of JNU’, rehashes and echoes this political rhetoric. It laments how the college had, over time, turn into “the hub of antinational actions”, attributing it to “the fast unfold of leftist thought”, earlier than happening to plug an upcoming movie titled JNU, which depicts the politics on campus and has a revealing tagline: “Can One Academic College Break the Nation?”
One other story is titled Amit Shah’s Strong Motion Leaves Rahul In Shivers, with a thumbnail picture of shut Modi aide and House Minister Amit Shah, whereas Rahul Gandhi is proven with folded palms. Yet one more video mocks Gandhi over his latest journey crisscrossing the nation to fulfill supporters.
Diminish critics
NMF isn’t alone. A examine completed by Narrative Analysis Lab, a New Delhi-based information lab that makes use of synthetic intelligence (AI) to trace print media and social media content material, analysed the content material throughout six channels – NMF, Rajdharma, Headlines India, Shining India, Capital TV and O Information Hindi – and located that protection of India’s opposition events was muted and its leaders had been rendered virtually invisible. In distinction, Modi and the BJP loomed massive, their protection virtually all the time glowing.
The lab analysed 2,747 movies printed by these channels between December 22, 2023, and March 22, 2024. Of their findings, the lab discovered that throughout all of the channels, among the most often used phrases within the titles had been “Modi”, “BJP” and “Yogi”, referring to the hardline BJP chief minister of Uttar Pradesh state, Yogi Adityanath, whereas mentions of opposition events and leaders had been used scarcely.
A “sentiment evaluation” by the lab discovered that whereas “Modi” was used generally throughout movies that had each unfavorable and optimistic sentiments, references to India’s opposition figures like Gandhi principally emerged in unfavorable phrases.
Sundeep Narwani, the co-founder of the Narrative Analysis Lab, mentioned these channels served a helpful goal as “automobiles” for unfavorable concentrating on.
“These channels have turn into simple methods of concentrating on Modi’s critics and opposition leaders,” Narwani mentioned. “Typically, political events won’t need to have interaction in such unfavorable concentrating on, so such channels turn into simple automobiles to take action.”
Impartial journalist Neel Madhav, who co-authored an award-winning investigation into the functioning of those channels for the New Delhi-based Caravan journal, mentioned many of those channels had been “an integral half” of the BJP’s social media messaging.
“Fairly often, BJP social media handles submit movies from these channels,” he mentioned. “As well as, BJP sympathisers use the celebration’s social media equipment to disseminate these movies amongst their cadres,” he mentioned, thereby serving to the channels amplify their attain and, because of this, generate income from clicks and views.
A minimum of 4 of those channels – Rajdharma Information, Headlines India, Shining India and Capital TV – had been supplied entry to interview Chief Minister Adityanath within the run-up to the Uttar Pradesh state elections in 2022.
Stoking Islamophobia
Routinely, these channels amplify Islamophobic sentiments and use anti-Muslim tropes.
Days earlier than Modi consecrated a temple to the Hindu god Ram in Ayodhya, constructed on the positioning of a centuries-old mosque demolished by a mob of Hindu nationalists in 1992, a reporter from Rajdharma Information interviewed Muslims close to the positioning with main questions.
“Individuals are saying Muslims are very pleased concerning the temple being constructed and that they’ll have a good time its consecration like it’s Diwali. Is that true?” the reporter requested, referring to the favored Hindu pageant.
Near 2,500 individuals died (PDF) in violence within the early Nineteen Nineties in the course of the BJP-led motion to construct a temple on the spot. But, the reporter asks provocative inquiries to Muslims within the metropolis. “Some Muslims say that Ram was their ancestor, too,” the reporter added. “Do you suppose Muslims will keep peace on January 22?” he asks one other, referring to the day of the consecration of the temple.
In July final yr, sectarian violence between Hindu and Muslim communities hit elements of the northern state of Haryana. Reporting on the riots, one other Rajdharma reporter walked as much as an aged Muslim man and requested him if he wasn’t feeling nicely. When he responded within the affirmative, she lashed out, tauntingly: “Why? Did you’re employed too arduous on July 31?” referring to the day of the clashes.
“Inform me one factor, wherever Hindus are in a majority and Muslims are in a tiny minority, we, Hindus, do all the pieces to make them [Muslims] really feel like kings,” she went on. “Why do you guys threaten and intimidate Hindus, why do you hassle them a lot?” The video was circulated broadly on social media platforms and garnered almost 780,000 views on YouTube alone.
NMF Information, on March 13, printed a video titled, A A part of the Nation The place Hindu Girls Are Delivering Muslim Kids. In it, the anchor, Namrata Chaudhari, alleged that “Muslim infiltrators” had been luring tribal ladies into marriage in jap state Jharkhand’s Dumka area after which “capturing tribal lands”.
“There may be additionally plenty of discuss of affection jihad …”, the place she quotes one information report of a case the place a Muslim man in Jharkhand killed his second spouse after marital discord. “What is going on in Jharkhand?” she asks.
Prasoon, the NMF bureau chief, within the video insists that Muslims had upturned the world’s inhabitants demographics.
“In 2011, Muslims had been simply 10, 11 %, whereas tribals had been 35 %. However by 2022, there was a task reversal, Muslims are actually 35 % and tribals are simply 10, 11 %,” he mentioned, echoing an evidence-free conspiracy principle about Muslims plotting to outnumber Hindus in India.
Prasoon, chatting with Al Jazeera, couldn’t present a supply for this declare that Muslims had outnumbered tribals. When identified that India has not held a census since 2011, Prasoon mentioned the 2022 information he supplied was based mostly on “estimates” and mentioned he “may” have quoted controversial BJP Member of Parliament Nishikant Dubey’s claims of such a demographic change. Dubey had, in December final yr, blamed “unlawful Bangladeshi immigrants” for inflicting such a demographic change in Jharkhand, with out providing any proof for the declare.
In one other video, Prasoon mentioned ISIL (SIS) was creating “colonies” within the Wayanad area of the southern Indian state of Kerala, the place “even patriotic Muslims” weren’t allowed entry. The Wayanad police refuted such claims and had even prosecuted one other net portal for spreading such “false data” concerning the area.
Prasoon insisted within the video that Muslims and Christians made as much as 80 % of Wayanad’s inhabitants with Hindus in a minority – though authorities information signifies that Hindus make up 49.5 % of the area’s inhabitants, with Muslims at 28 %.
Prasoon, when questioned, mentioned NMF makes use of native information studies in its reporting.
“I don’t keep in mind that video precisely, or the place I acquired that determine from. I may have reported the newest inhabitants information from a supply aside from the Census,” he mentioned, with out naming the supply, however insisted that his channel’s reporting was all the time factual. “NMF stands for Information Means Information, so we all the time be sure we now have documentary proof for our claims,” he added.
Madhav, the journalist who has reported on these YouTube channels, mentioned such content material is then used to bolster and reiterate the Hindu majoritarian agenda by right-wing teams.
“These channels usually function stereotypical characters like a Muslim who hates different Muslims however loves Modi, or a Muslim lady who talks about atrocities on different Muslim ladies,” mentioned Madhav.
The Narrative Analysis Lab evaluation additionally discovered that there was a spike within the variety of movies these channels produced on occasions just like the day the contentious Citizenship Modification Act guidelines had been introduced on March 11. The foundations expedite Indian citizenship for Hindus, Parsis, Buddhists, Jains and Christians from neighbouring Muslim nations however exclude Muslims from its area.
“The content material development noticed right here is that each one the channels … have an identical viewers base and that they may be making an attempt to push and reiterate a sure uniform narrative on the difficulty,” mentioned the lab’s Narwani.
